Epitalon
Synthetic four-amino-acid peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly). The Khavinson school flagship anti-aging claim — said to switch telomerase back on — and the only Khavinson peptide with a near-independent replication (Brunel University London, 2025).
1 · Identity
- Formula
- C14H22N4O9
- PubChem CID
- 219042
- InChIKey
- HGHOBRRUMWJWCU-FXQIFTODSA-N
- Aliases
- AEDG (EN); Epithalon (EN); Khavinson peptide AEDG (EN)
2 · Mechanism — what the primary literature actually shows
Synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Glu (AEDG; sometimes written AEDG depending on the source — the canonical sequence is AEDG per Khavinson nomenclature). Isolated from pineal gland (epiphysis) polypeptide fraction. Three documented mechanisms: (1) pineal gland substitute — at low doses, AEDG restores the immune-endocrine balance after pinealectomy (Linkova-Khavinson-Trofimov-Dudkov 2011: spleen immune cell counts and thyroid C-cells that increase after pinealectomy are normalised by epithalamin OR epithalon); (2) retinoprotection — molecular mechanism shared with retinalamin (Linkova-Pronjaeva-Dudkov-Trofimova 2013) is stimulation of neuronal and pigment-epithelium differentiation, used clinically for age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy; (3) antimutagenic — differential effect in mice with different coat colour (Mylnikov-Pavlova-Barabanova 2011: protection against cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenesis in albino mice, but NOT in grey non-line mice, suggesting neuro-humoral and stress-resistance dependence); (4) longevity — Drosophila inbred lines show distinct genotype × peptide interaction effects on lifespan curves (Mylnikov-Opparina-Malinin 2008); (5) drug delivery — lysine dendrimer generation 2 can complex 16 free AEDG molecules in stable complexes (Khamidova 2018 molecular dynamics simulation), or form compact conjugates with chemically bound AEDG.
How it works
Key findings (6)
- Pinealectomised rats: AEDG (epithalon) and polypeptide epithalamin restore immune-endocrine balance (spleen immune cells, thyroid C-cells, thyroid hormone activity) (Linkova 2011)
- Ophthalmology clinical use: epithalon used for AMD, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy; molecular mechanism = stimulation of neuronal + pigment-epithelium differentiation (Linkova 2013)
- Cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenesis in mice: AEDG protective in albinos, NOT in grey mice — differential antimutagenic effect tied to neuro-humoral status (Mylnikov 2011)
- Lysine dendrimer 16:1 complex with AEDG: molecular dynamics simulation shows stable complex with peptides adsorbed on dendrimer surface AND penetrating interior; conjugate form gives more compact structure (Khamidova 2018)
- Cytokine signature: epithalon REDUCES IL-1 RA production in human PBMCs (Maksimenia 2016)
- Lifespan: Drosophila inbred lines show genotype-dependent extension with epithalon; mechanism on mitochondrial ROS distinct from vilon (Mylnikov 2008)
Evidence quality
Moderate. Multiple distinct mechanism studies (pineal substitute, retinoprotection, antimutagenic, dendrimer delivery) but each is single-paper or single-lab. Longevity claim is strongest in Drosophila, less well-proven in mammals.
Open questions (4)
- Pineal substitute mechanism — is AEDG the only active peptide from epithalamin, or one of several?
- Mouse coat-colour effect on antimutagenesis: what is the underlying genetic difference (stress axis genotype)?
- Retinoprotection — does the same molecular mechanism apply across AMD, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy?
- Lifespan extension — Drosophila genotype dependence makes human extrapolation uncertain
3 · Summary
Design distribution
| Design | Count | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
| CONTROLLED | 6 | ██████ |
| CLINICAL_UNCONTROLLED | 2 | ██ |
| ANIMAL | 27 | ███████████████████████████ |
| IN_VITRO | 4 | ████ |
| REVIEW | 3 | ███ |
| UNGRADED | 15 | ███████████████ |
4 · Possible mechanisms — candidate list
5 · Pathways — questions the corpus does not yet answer
- Pathway
- Experimental design: falsification experiment for open question 1. Pineal substitute mechanism — is AEDG the only active peptide from epithalamin, or one of several?
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
- Pathway
- Experimental design: falsification experiment for open question 2. Mouse coat-colour effect on antimutagenesis: what is the underlying genetic difference (stress axis genotype)?
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
- Pathway
- Experimental design: falsification experiment for open question 3. Retinoprotection — does the same molecular mechanism apply across AMD, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy?
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
- Pathway
- Experimental design: falsification experiment for open question 4. Lifespan extension — Drosophila genotype dependence makes human extrapolation uncertain
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
6 · Bibliography — Russian primary sources
- kompyuternoe-modelirovanie-vzaimodeystviya-lizinovogo-dendrimera-i-peptidov-epitalon
- antimutagennye-effekty-sinteticheskogo-peptida-epitalona-u-myshey-mus-musculus-razlichayuschihsya-po-okraske-shersti
- molekulyarnye-mehanizmy-retinoprotektornogo-deystviya-korotkih-peptidov
- vliyanie-prirodnyh-i-sinteticheskih-peptidov-na-produktsiyu-tsitokinov-kletkami-perifericheskoy-krovi
- kompensatornoe-deystvie-peptidov-epifiza-na-organy-immunnoy-i-endokrinnoy-sistem-u-epifizekt0mir0vannyh-krys
- vliyanie-peptidov-na-antioksidantnyy-status-i-parametry-krivyh-vyzhivaniya-selektiruemyh-inbrednyh-liniy-drosophila-melanogaster
- peptid-epifiza-vosstanavlivaet-funktsionalnuyu-aktivnost-podzheludochnoy-zhelezy-pri-indutsirovannom-saharnom-diabete
- lekarstvennye-peptidnye-preparaty-proshloe-nastoyaschee-buduschee
- bioaktivnye-veschestva-geroprotektornoy-napravlennosti
- reversiya-biologicheskogo-vozrasta-putem-korrektsii-tsirkadnyh-ritmov
Inventor (detail): V.Kh. Khavinson lab.
First publication: derived from Epithalamin by RP-HPLC in the late 1990s / early 2000s by Khavinson + Morozov groups.
Peptide kind: **Synthetic tetrapeptide** (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, AEDG).
Below: substantive excerpts from 6 Russian primary papers. Click each title to expand the Russian/English abstract.
6/6 papers with substantive abstracts · 4,544 characters of Russian/English pharmacological text extracted · 6 Russian abstracts · 3 English abstracts · 6/6 relevance-classified.
Extracted findings (1 models · 9 mechanism terms · direction: ↑2 ↓1 ↺1 across 6 papers)
- Model organisms
- —
- Doses / concentrations
- —
- Mechanism terms
- антиоксидантный, апоптоза, дифференцировку, иммуноэндокринной системе, кортексина, пролиферации, селезенке, селезенки
- Effect direction
- 2× increase · 1× decrease · 1× restoration/normalisation
[2018] Компьютерное моделирование взаимодействия лизинового дендримера и пептидов Эпиталон
[2011] Антимутагенные эффекты синтетического пептида эпиталона у мышей, mus musculus, различающихся по окраске шерсти
[2013] Молекулярные механизмы ретинопротекторного действия коротких пептидов
[2016] ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ И СИНТЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПЕПТИДОВ НА ПРОДУКЦИЮ ЦИТОКИНОВ КЛЕТКАМИ ПЕРИФЕРИЧЕСКОЙ КРОВИ
[2011] Компенсаторное действие пептидов эпифиза на органы иммунной и эндокринной систем у эпифизэкт0мир0ванных крыс
[2008] Влияние пептидов на антиоксидантный статус и параметры кривых выживания селектируемых инбредных линий Drosophila melanog
7 · Bibliography — PubMed corpus
8 · Corroboration
- Corpus source
- PubMed (eutils) and OpenAlex, swept against this compound by PMID. Last verified 26.08.2026.
- Identity source
- PubChem CID 219042 verified live. InChIKey HGHOBRRUMWJWCU-FXQIFTODSA-N. Live fetch on 26.08.2026.
- Provenance
- St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology (2003) Khavinson VKh — Telomerase activation; extension of Hayflick limit in human somatic cells
9 · Open questions
- Zero A- or B-grade evidence in the corpus. No registered RCT with disclosed n.
- Most of the published evidence for this compound is from the group that developed it. Where independent replication exists, we flag it in the mechanism block above; where it doesn't, treat mechanism claims as developer-side.