The whole map of one peptide

epitalon

Sequence

AEDG / Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly

INN

epitalon

PubChem CID

219042

Origin

— (—)

Tier

1

Class

—

Parent context

Epithalamin (calf-pineal polypeptide fraction)

pinealon

Sequence

Glu-Asp-Arg

INN

pinealon

PubChem CID

10273502

Origin

— (—)

Tier

2

Class

—

Parent context

Same school; independent corpus

epitalon

Synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG). Characterised from the pineal polypeptide fraction Epithalamin; the tetrapeptide itself is synthetic, not an isolate sold as the extract. Three documented mechanisms: (1) pineal gland substitute — at low doses, AEDG restores the immune-endocrine balance after pinealectomy (Linkova-Khavinson-Trofimov-Dudkov 2011: spleen immune cell counts and thyroid C-cells that increase after pinealectomy are normalised by epithalamin OR epithalon); (2) retinoprotection — molecular mechanism shared with retinalamin (Linkova-Pronjaeva-Dudkov-Trofimova 2013) is stimulation of neuronal and pigment-epithelium differentiation; (3) antimutagenic — differential effect in mice with different coat colour (Mylnikov-Pavlova-Barabanova 2011: protection against cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenesis in albino mice, but NOT in grey non-line mice, suggesting neuro-humoral and stress-resistance dependence); (4) longevity — Drosophila inbred lines show distinct genotype × peptide interaction effects on lifespan curves (Mylnikov-Opparina-Malinin 2008); (5) drug delivery — lysine dendrimer generation 2 can complex 16 free AEDG molecules in stable complexes (Khamidova 2018 molecular dynamics simulation), or form compact conjugates with chemically bound AEDG.

1. Pinealectomised rats: AEDG (epithalon) and polypeptide epithalamin restore immune-endocrine balance (spleen immune cells, thyroid C-cells, thyroid hormone activity) (Linkova 2011)
2. Ophthalmology: molecular mechanism = stimulation of neuronal + pigment-epithelium differentiation (Linkova 2013)
3. Cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenesis in mice: AEDG protective in albinos, NOT in grey mice — differential antimutagenic effect tied to neuro-humoral status (Mylnikov 2011)
4. Lysine dendrimer 16:1 complex with AEDG: molecular dynamics simulation shows stable complex with peptides adsorbed on dendrimer surface AND penetrating interior; conjugate form gives more compact structure (Khamidova 2018)
5. Cytokine signature: epithalon REDUCES IL-1 RA production in human PBMCs (Maksimenia 2016)
6. Lifespan: Drosophila inbred lines show genotype-dependent extension with epithalon; mechanism on mitochondrial ROS distinct from vilon (Mylnikov 2008)

Пиналон

Synthetic tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR). Three documented mechanism domains: (1) actoprotective — rats treadmill-to-exhaustion after 2 weeks of pinealon comparable to metaprot with cardiovascular/respiratory changes (Belyaeva 2015); (2) cognitive — rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta, pinealon restores age-related cognitive decline, with prefrontal cortex particularly responsive (Kuznetsova-Golubeva-Trofimova-Khavinson-Shuvaev 2019); (3) antioxidant/gene-regulation — streptozotocin-diabetes rat model, pinealon (and cortexin) modulates free-radical processes and SOD1, GPX4, GSR gene expression in hippocampus (Karandysh 2021). The Pineamine® multicentre RCT (Prilepskaya 2016) tested pinealon-like peptide for climacteric syndrome — double-blind placebo-controlled.

1. Rats, treadmill-to-exhaustion after 2 weeks of pinealon: actoprotective effect comparable to metaprot (Belyaeva-Davydova-Erofeev-Maydan-Ryzhak 2015)
2. Rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta: pinealon rehabilitates age-related cognitive decline; prefrontal cortex particularly responsive (Kuznetsova 2019)
3. Streptozotocin-diabetes rats: pinealon and cortexin modulate free-radical processes and SOD1/GPX4/GSR gene expression in hippocampus — first mechanistic gene-level finding for pinealon (Karandysh 2021)
4. Diabetes mellitus in vitro blood + hyperbaric oxygenation: pinealon + cortexin correct free-radical processes at different HbA1c levels (Fomenko 2018)
5. High-performance athletes: pinealon increases reserve capacity of the organism (Lysenko 2012)
6. Climacteric syndrome: Pineamine® (pinealon-related) double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre RCT in women — neuro-vegetative and psycho-emotional improvements (Prilepskaya 2016)