Bromantane
Ladasten in Russia, Noofemp in the US. Stimulant-without-tachycardia: the original Soviet claim was an anxiolytic activation profile with no abuse liability, and WADA agreed — it is now banned after the 1996 Atlanta positives. Combines synergistically with bemitil under heat-plus-CO stress.
1 · Identity
- CAS
- 87913-26-6
- Formula
- C16H20BrN
- MW
- 306.24
- PubChem CID
- 4660557
- InChIKey
- LWJALJDRFBXHKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL4303520
- Aliases
- 2-bromophenyl-1-amino adamantane (EN); BROMANTANE [WHO-DD] (EN); bromontan (EN); CHEMBL4303520 (EN); GLXC-02985 (EN); MFCD02101627 (EN); N1ILS53XWK (EN); SCHEMBL737152 (EN); UNII-N1ILS53XWK (EN); Bromantan (RU_LATIN); Ladasten (BRAND)
2 · Mechanism — what the primary literature actually shows
Adamantane derivative: N-(2-adamantyl)-N-(p-bromophenyl)amine. The pharmacology divides into three documented mechanisms: (1) actoprotective (anti-fatigue under extreme conditions) — increases physical work capacity under both hyper- and hypothermia; (2) immunomodulatory — flow-injection analytical detection method developed at 0.2 µg/mL limit (Evgeniev 2016); (3) psychotropic — the parent compound shows anxiolytic activity, and structural analogues (camphor-derived N-(camphan-2-yl)anilines, Vernigora 2024) extend this to nootropic/anxiolytic class. Pharmacokinetics (Khoronko 2005): three tissue compartments — fast (brain, liver, spleen, testes), medium (kidneys), slow (lungs, skeletal muscle, fat). High tissue penetration and cumulative ability relative to low blood content. New SEDDS self-emulsifying oral delivery system developed 2026 (Gavrilov) to address poor aqueous solubility.
How it works
Key findings (6)
- Mice, forced swimming under hyperthermia (immersion): LHT-4-97 at 10 mg/kg and LHT-1-13 at 1 mg/kg extended swimming time by 25% and 23% respectively, comparable to ladasten at 50-100 mg/kg — analogues are more potent (Troshina 2017)
- Mice, normal conditions + hypothermia + hyperthermia: LHT-10-12 and LHT-1-13 effective in BOTH paradigms (unlike metaprot, ladasten); at significantly lower doses (Troshina 2017)
- Pharmacokinetics in rats: three-tier tissue distribution (fast/medium/slow equilibrium with plasma) — brain, liver, spleen, testes equilibrate fast; kidneys medium; lungs, muscle, fat slow (Khoronko 2005)
- SEDDS self-emulsifying oral formulation: solubilises adamantylbromophenylamine in water; stable across pH ranges and 6 freeze-thaw cycles (Gavrilov 2026)
- Comparison: Cu-nicotinate derivative πQ-1028 at 0.5/1/5/10 mg/kg i.p. exceeds bemitil and bromantane reference in mice swimming assay (Amjaga 2018)
- Structural analogues (Vernigora 2024): N-(camphan-2-yl)anilines give anxiolytic + nootropic in NOR and extrapolation tests; leader compound 4e
Evidence quality
Strong preclinical pharmacology. Pharmacokinetic study is the most rigorous (model-independent analysis, GC quantification). The Nelly heat-tolerance data (bemitil+bromantane combo 168±8 min, sidnocarb 113±6 worse than placebo 138±10) is from a single military-pharmacology source, not yet peer-reviewed in international journals but consistent with the adaptive-stimulation vs pure-stimulant distinction.
Open questions (4)
- Heat-tolerance paradox: why does classical stimulant sidnocarb perform worse than placebo under heat? The mechanism likely involves dopamine-driven thermogenesis vs adaptive-membrane-stabilisation by actoprotectors
- Why is bromantane restricted in Russia (anxiolytic class but not internationally controlled)? Mechanism overlap with phenazepam?
- Clinical efficacy: never tested in ICH-GCP RCT jurisdictions (NMPA / PMDA / DCGI / ANMAT / ANVISA absent). Russian + Ukrainian / Kazakh use case is sports/military. Long-term safety: cumulative potential (high tissue penetration) raises questions about chronic dosing.
- Long-term safety: cumulative potential (high tissue penetration) raises questions about chronic dosing
3 · Summary
Design distribution
| Design | Count | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
| RCT | 1 | █ |
| CONTROLLED | 6 | ██████ |
| CLINICAL_UNCONTROLLED | 10 | ██████████ |
| ANIMAL | 35 | ███████████████████████████████████ |
| IN_VITRO | 2 | ██ |
| UNGRADED | 25 | █████████████████████████ |
4 · Possible mechanisms — candidate list
5 · Pathways — questions the corpus does not yet answer
- Pathway
- Falsification experiment for open question 1. Heat-tolerance paradox: why does classical stimulant sidnocarb perform worse than placebo under heat? The mechanism likely involves dopamine-driven thermogenesis vs adaptive-membrane-stabilisation by actoprotectors
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
- Pathway
- Falsification experiment for open question 2. Why is bromantane restricted in Russia (anxiolytic class but not internationally controlled)? Mechanism overlap with phenazepam?
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
- Pathway
- Falsification experiment for open question 3. Clinical efficacy: never tested in ICH-GCP RCT jurisdictions (NMPA / PMDA / DCGI / ANMAT / ANVISA absent). Russian + Ukrainian / Kazakh use case is sports/military. Long-term safety: cumulative potential (high tissue penetration) raises questions about chronic dosing.
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
- Pathway
- Falsification experiment for open question 4. Long-term safety: cumulative potential (high tissue penetration) raises questions about chronic dosing
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
6 · Bibliography — Russian primary sources
- osobennosti-farmakokinetiki-raspredeleniya-aktoprotektorov-bromantana-i-hlodantana-u-krys
- vliyanie-novyh-soedineniy-na-fizicheskuyu-rabotosposobnost-v-obychnyh-usloviyah-i-pri-gipotermii
- protochno-inzhektsionnye-opredeleniya-immunotropnogo-preparata-bromantan
- vliyanie-novyh-proizvodnyh-geterotsiklicheskih-soedineniy-na-fizicheskuyu-rabotosposobnost-v-ekstremalnyh-temperaturnyh-usloviyah
- razrabotka-samoemulgiruyuscheysya-sistemy-dostavki-n-adamant-2-il-n-para-bromfenil-amina-adamantilbromfenilamina-v-vide
- eksperimentalnoe-izuchenie-aktoprotektornyh-svoystv-medsoderzhaschih-proizvodnyh-nikotinovoy-kisloty
- asteniya-mezhdistsiplinarnaya-problema
- issledovanie-proizvodnogo-3-oksipiridina-na-belkovoobrazovatelnye-pigmentnye-lipidnye-i-fermentnye-pokazateli-pecheni
- postinfektsionnaya-asteniya-u-rekonvalestsentov-posle-kleschevogo-entsefalita-i-sposoby-ee-kupirovaniya
- sravnitelnyy-analiz-aktoprotektornyh-svoystv-novyh-himicheskih-soedineniy
- otsenka-psihotropnoy-aktivnosti-novyh-strukturnyh-analogov-bromantana-n-kamfan-2-il-anilinov-v-testah-in-vivo
- hvi-mezhdunarodnaya-nauchno-prakticheskaya-konferentsiya-pozhiloy-bolnoy-kachestvo-zhizni-tezisy-prodolzhenie
- hronika-sobytiy-2012
- astenicheskiy-sindrom-u-shkolnikov-tyvy-rasprostranennost-vozrastno-polovye-razlichiya-printsipy-lecheniya
- klinicheskiy-sluchay-panuveita-v-sochetanii-s-poliartralgiey-posle-perenesennoy-lihoradki-chikungunya
- sravnitelnaya-protektivnost-liposomalnoy-i-adyuvantnoy-form-melioidoznyh-antigenov-v-eksperimente
- analiz-farmakologicheskih-podhodov-k-povysheniyu-fizicheskoy-rabotosposobnosti-spasateley-v-usloviyah-chrezvychaynyh-situatsiy
- korrektsiya-fizicheskoy-rabotosposobnosti-fiziologicheski-sovmestimymi-antioksidandami-i-proizvodnymi-3-oksipiridina
- vliyanie-adamantilbromfenilamina-na-parametry-immuniteta-i-simptomy-astenii-u-patsientov-s-nepsihoticheskimi-psihicheskimi
- novyy-metallokompleks-zheleza-kak-korrektor-fizicheskoy-rabotosposobnosti-v-usloviyah-gipoksii
- vliyanie-adamantanovogo-proizvodnogo-alfa-pirrolidona-na-fizicheskuyu-rabotosposobnost-psihoemotsionalnuyu-i-kognitivnuyu-funktsiyu
Clinical indication: Registered in Russia as Ladasten for asthenic and restless-asthenic disorders; pilot trial in psychogenic asthenic disorder (PMID 16995430). Dopaminergic/hippocampal work (PMID 17854844, Neuropharmacology 2007 — the class's highest-IF mechanism placement). LPS-cytokine mouse depression model: decreases IL-6/TNF-α/IL-1α elevations, rescues behaviour at 30–50 mg/kg (PMID 22803040).
Below: substantive excerpts from 6 Russian primary papers. Click each title to expand the Russian/English abstract.
6/6 papers with substantive abstracts · 6,735 characters of Russian/English pharmacological text extracted · 6 Russian abstracts · 4 English abstracts · 4/6 relevance-classified.
Extracted findings (1 models · 1 mechanism terms · direction: ↑2 ↓0 ↺0 across 6 papers)
- Model organisms
- —
- Doses / concentrations
- 0,2мкг, 0,5, 1, 1 мг/кг, 10
- Mechanism terms
- селезенка
- Effect direction
- 2× increase · 0× decrease · 0× restoration/normalisation
[2005] Особенности фармакокинетики распределения актопротекторов бромантана и хлодантана у крыс
[2017] Влияние новых соединений на физическую работоспособность в обычных условиях и при гипотермии
[2016] Проточно-инжекционные определения иммунотропного препарата бромантан
[2017] Влияние новых производных гетероциклических соединений на физическую работоспособность в экстремальных температурных усл
[2026] Разработка самоэмульгирующейся системы доставки N-(адамант-2-ил)-N-(пара-бромфенил)амина (адамантилбромфениламина) в вид
[2018] Экспериментальное изучение актопротекторных свойств медьсодержащих производных никотиновой кислоты
7 · Bibliography — PubMed corpus
8 · Corroboration
- Corpus source
- PubMed (eutils) and OpenAlex, swept against this compound by PMID. Last verified 26.08.2026.
- Identity source
- PubChem CID 4660557 verified live. InChIKey LWJALJDRFBXHKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N. Live fetch on 26.08.2026.
9 · Open questions
- Zero A- or B-grade evidence in the corpus. No registered RCT with disclosed n.
- Most of the published evidence for this compound is from the group that developed it. Where independent replication exists, we flag it in the mechanism block above; where it doesn't, treat mechanism claims as developer-side.
- 8 paper(s) in the corpus are indexed under Cyrillic titles with no open English full text. We have flagged them in the table above; the deeper question is what their n and methodology would look like in translation.