Ademol
Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1990s. The one actoprotector that did not come out of a Soviet military or space programme — it is a Ukrainian actoprotector, registered as a uterotonic, and now discontinued. PubChem name-trap: the name resolves to hydroflumethiazide, a diuretic.
1 · Identity
- Formula
- C18H31NO3 · HCl (free base C18H31NO3)
- MW
- 333.46
- Aliases
- adamantyl-morpholino-propanol HCl (EN)
2 · Mechanism — what the primary literature actually shows
Adamantane derivative: 1-adamantylethyloxy-3-morpholino-2-propanol hydrochloride. Developed at Darnitsa (Ukraine). Three documented mechanisms: (1) cerebroprotective — bilateral carotid occlusion rat model, 2 mg/kg i.p. starting 1h post-stroke, q24h ×4-21d, preserves density and area of structurally intact neurons in somatosensory cortex; reduces neuroglia density and destructively-changed neurons; switches neuronal death from necrotic to apoptotic (the "softer" mode); (2) cerebral hemodynamics — rat subarachnoid haemorrhage model (heparinised autoblood injection 0.1 mL/100g into subarachnoid space), 2 mg/kg i.v. q24h ×4d maintains cortical blood flow 30.5% higher than control pathology; comparable to nimodipine 30 mg/kg; suggested mechanism = NMDA receptor modulation; (3) neuro-retinoprotection — screening study against melatonin, citicoline, mexidol, corvitin, tiotriazoline in rat CO₂-pressure eye contusion model, ademol is among top performers reducing neuron-specific enolase. Reproductive: 4× injections 5 mg/kg i.p. in 8-month-old mice increase oocyte metaphase I completion 2.1×, metaphase II 2.03×, viable follicular cells 1.45×, reduces apoptotic/necrotic follicular cells — single dose has no effect, only 4-dose regimen works.
How it works
Key findings (6)
- Wistar rats, bilateral carotid occlusion: ademol 2 mg/kg i.p. starting 1h post-stroke, q24h ×21d — preserves structurally-intact neurons, reduces destructively-changed cells, switches death mode necrotic→apoptotic (Khodakovsky 2013, 2013 apoptosis-modulation paper)
- Rats, subarachnoid haemorrhage model: ademol 2 mg/kg i.v. q24h ×4d maintains cortical blood flow 30.5% above control pathology, comparable to nimodipine 30 mg/kg (Khodakovsky 2016)
- Mice (8wk and 8mo), oocyte maturation: 4× ademol 5 mg/kg i.p. increases metaphase-I 2.1×, metaphase-II 2.03×, viable follicular cells 1.45×; reduces apoptosis/necrosis 1.75×/1.47×; single dose NO effect (Voznesenska 2018)
- CO₂-pressure eye contusion model: ademol and melatonin top performers reducing neuron-specific enolase (Komnatska 2016)
- Mechanism candidate: NMDA receptor modulation (Khodakovsky 2016 explicitly suggests this as the cerebroprotective basis)
- Apoptosis-modulating: suppresses necrosis in ischemic core, inhibits apoptosis in penumbra via c-fos and bcl-2 hyperexpression (Khodakovsky 2013)
Evidence quality
Strong for the cerebroprotective effect — multiple direct papers from Khodakovsky with consistent protocols. Novel mechanism (necrosis-to-apoptosis switch via c-fos/bcl-2) is biologically plausible and warrants follow-up.
Open questions (4)
- NMDA receptor modulation evidence is correlational (suggested by mechanism), not direct binding studies
- Oocyte effect — only 4-dose regimen works, not single dose. What is the pharmacokinetic basis?
- Neuro-retinoprotection is a small screening study — needs replication
- Cerebral hemodynamics preservation — does this translate to clinical stroke?
3 · Summary
Design distribution
| Design | Count | Distribution |
|---|---|---|
| CONTROLLED | 1 | █ |
| CLINICAL_UNCONTROLLED | 4 | ████ |
| ANIMAL | 5 | █████ |
| UNGRADED | 3 | ███ |
4 · Possible mechanisms — candidate list
5 · Pathways — questions the corpus does not yet answer
- Pathway
- Experimental design: falsification experiment for open question 1. NMDA receptor modulation evidence is correlational (suggested by mechanism), not direct binding studies
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
- Pathway
- Experimental design: falsification experiment for open question 2. Oocyte effect — only 4-dose regimen works, not single dose. What is the pharmacokinetic basis?
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
- Pathway
- Experimental design: falsification experiment for open question 3. Neuro-retinoprotection is a small screening study — needs replication
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
- Pathway
- Experimental design: falsification experiment for open question 4. Cerebral hemodynamics preservation — does this translate to clinical stroke?
- Blocked by
- See synthesis evidence quality section for barriers.
6 · Bibliography — Russian primary sources
- vpliv-ademolu-na-ootsiti-i-klitini-yih-folikulyarnogo-otochennya
- porivnyalna-otsinka-vplivu-ademolu-ta-nimodipinu-na-tserebralnu-gemodinamiku-v-kori-golovnogo-mozku
- neyromorfologicheskaya-otsenka-effektivnosti-ademola-v-ostrom-periode-modelnogo-narusheniya-mozgovogo-krovoobrascheniya
- skrining-nayavnosti-ta-porivnyalna-otsinka-velichini-neyroretinoprotektornogo-efektu-cered-deyakih-preparativ-z-antioksidantnoyu
- izuchenie-apoptozmoduliruyuschih-svoystv-ademola-v-usloviyah-modelnogo-ostrogo-narusheniya-mozgovogo-krovoobrascheniya-po-ego
- tserebroprotektornye-svoystva1-adamantiletiloksi-3-morfolino-2-propanola-gidrohlorida-ademola-v-vosstanovitelnom-periode
- vikoristannya-neyromarkeriv-bilok-s-100-ta-metodu-protokovoyi-tsitometriyi-dlya-porivnyalnoyi-otsinki-vplivu-blokatoriv-nmda
- issledovanie-vliyaniya-ademola-na-obmen-oksida-azota-v-golovnom-mozge-krys-s-cherepno-mozgovoy-travmoy
- vliyanie-ademola-na-uroven-faktora-nekroza-opuholi-v-golovnom-mozge-krys-s-modelnym-travmaticheskim-porazheniem-mozga
- viddaleni-rezultati-novogo-sposobu-hirurgichnogo-likuvannya-pervinnoyi-vidkritokutovoyi-glaukomi-z-supratsiliarnim-drenuvannyam
Origin note: Ukraine — Institute of Organic Chemistry, NAS, 1990s. The only major actoprotector NOT developed under the Russian/Soviet military or space programmes.
Below: substantive excerpts from 6 Russian primary papers. Click each title to expand the Russian/English abstract.
6/6 papers with substantive abstracts · 8,181 characters of Russian/English pharmacological text extracted · 6 Russian abstracts · 2 English abstracts · 6/6 relevance-classified.
Extracted findings (1 models · 6 mechanism terms · direction: ↑3 ↓3 ↺2 across 6 papers)
- Model organisms
- —
- Doses / concentrations
- 0,1 мл, 2, 2 мг/кг, 30, 30 мг/кг
- Mechanism terms
- антиоксидантних, антиоксидантною, апоптоза, апоптозмодулирующих, экспрессию генов, экспрессия генов
- Effect direction
- 3× increase · 3× decrease · 2× restoration/normalisation
[2018] Вплив адемолу на ооцити і клітини їх фолікулярного оточення
[2016] Порівняльна оцінка впливу Адемолу та німодипіну на церебральну гемодинаміку в корі головного мозку
[2013] Нейроморфологическая оценка эффективности адемола в остром периоде модельного нарушения мозгового кровообращения
[2016] Скринінг наявності та Порівняльна оцінка величини нейроретинопротекторного ефекту cеред деяких препаратів з антиоксидант
[2013] Изучение апоптозмодулирующих свойств адемола в условиях модельного острого нарушения мозгового кровообращения по его вли
[2013] Церебропротекторные свойства1-адамантилетилокси-3-морфолино-2-пропанола гидрохлорида (адемола) в восстановительном перио
7 · Bibliography — PubMed corpus
8 · Corroboration
- Corpus source
- PubMed (eutils) and OpenAlex, swept against this compound by PMID. Last verified 26.08.2026.
- Identity source
- PubChem CID — verified live. InChIKey —. Live fetch on 26.08.2026.
9 · Open questions
- Zero A- or B-grade evidence in the corpus. No registered RCT with disclosed n.
- Most of the published evidence for this compound is from the group that developed it. Where independent replication exists, we flag it in the mechanism block above; where it doesn't, treat mechanism claims as developer-side.